Study Links Musk Ambrette Compound to Earlier Puberty Onset in Girls

The age at which girls begin puberty has declined over decades. A new study published in the journal Endocrinology suggests that musk ambrette, a synthetic fragrance compound, may contribute by activating a receptor in the hypothalamus that prompts the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, or GnRH.

Musk ambrette is used in inexpensive or counterfeit fragrances as well as other scented personal care products. It has also been detected in wastewater surveys and in the bodies of freshwater fish. The research screened 10,000 compounds from libraries of licensed pharmaceuticals, environmental chemicals and dietary supplements before identifying musk ambrette as one to which children were most likely to be exposed.

Testing showed that the compound stimulated GnRH production in both human hypothalamic cells and zebrafish larvae. The findings represent an initial step toward identifying a mechanism behind earlier puberty timing.

Starting puberty significantly earlier than age 8 in girls or 9 in boys can have lasting health consequences. These include increased risks of breast cancer, diabetes and heart disease, as well as shortened adult stature in both girls and boys. A May study from the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health found that 15.5 percent of girls experienced their first period before age 11, with 1.4 percent starting before age 9.

Previous research has pointed to factors such as obesity, diet, socioeconomic status and exposure to phthalates that can disrupt sex hormones.

While genetics play a role in the timing of puberty, the rapid shift observed over recent decades points to environmental influences. The researchers noted a connection between early puberty and excess weight but observed that it occurs in girls who are not overweight or obese as well.

The study authors said future research will examine the effects of musk ambrette in mammals such as rodents and measure blood levels of the compound in humans. One pediatric endocrinologist described the work as addressing an important topic but said the evidence is not yet strong enough to recommend specific actions for parents.

Another researcher noted that the study began with a biological mechanism rather than a preselected compound. Until more data are available, checking ingredient lists for musk ambrette in cosmetics, fragrances and household products used by children has been suggested as a precautionary measure.

Families may also reduce use of strongly scented personal care items.